Better armed with science in the fight against youth weapon possession

This study examined how the current approach to youth weapon possession could be strengthened by analysing motivations and underlying factors and by learning from foreign interventions.

Following alarming reports on juvenile weapon use, the Ministry of Justice and Security organised a meeting with mayors from various municipalities in the summer of 2020. This led to the Action Plan on Weapons and Youth at the end of 2020, which was swiftly developed based on a rapid review of research literature, discussions, and meetings. An evaluation in 2023 highlighted the need for a more in-depth study into the target group and the effectiveness of both existing and potential new measures and interventions.

Subsequently, the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, in collaboration with Erasmus School of Law, conducted an extensive literature review. This research thoroughly investigated the backgrounds and approaches to youth weapon possession and violence.

Why do young people choose to carry weapons?

The research identified four main motives: a sense of insecurity, criminal purposes, appreciation of the aesthetic appeal of weapons, and use in conflicts. Among these, safety stands out as the primary reason why young people choose to own or carry a weapon.

In addition to exploring motivations, the study also examined the circumstances that contribute to youth weapon possession. The six most significant factors include having witnessed or been a victim of violence, a criminal environment, a history of criminal behaviour, substance use, mental health issues, and bullying—either as a victim or perpetrator.

Lessons from abroad

There is evidence that certain types of foreign interventions may be effective in addressing weapon-related issues and could potentially be applied in the Netherlands. Broadly speaking, these interventions are characterised by their intensive, comprehensive, and long-term nature. They address multiple causes and aim to bring about substantial changes in young people’s lives.

There is little to no evidence that national awareness campaigns or the development of police programmes are effective in combating youth weapon-related issues. Furthermore, there is no indication that laws restricting weapon sales have been successful. This is confirmed in a 2022 research report from Erasmus School of Law (It is a Problem, but Not for Me – Weerman, Roks, van den Broek, Willink), in which the research team states that expectations should not be too high for measures solely aimed at reducing weapon availability.

Better armed with science

In December 2024, the policy summary Better Armed with Science was presented to the House of Representatives. The accompanying parliamentary letter states that the study’s findings will guide the next steps within the action plan. Efforts will focus on developing effective interventions, facilitating knowledge development for professionals, and continuing the established network. Weerman adds: “It is interesting to see that the report’s recommendations are being adopted by policymakers and practitioners. There is now a genuine effort to translate some foreign interventions into practical projects in the Netherlands. It is crucial to follow up with research to determine whether existing and new approaches are truly effective.”

To facilitate the exchange of knowledge and experiences between professionals, scientists, and policymakers, the Weapons and Youth seminar took place on 29 January 2025. During the seminar, possible steps in tackling youth weapon-related issues were discussed. Weerman delivered a well-attended presentation on the literature review at the event.